The stochastic Nicholson model with patch structure and multiple delays is considered. Firstly, the existence of a unique global positive solution is established by constructing a proper Lyapunov function. Next, by constructing suitable stochastic Lyapunov functions, and using Chebyshev inequality, Borel-Cantelli lemma and exponential martingale inequality, the properties of the solution, such as stochastic ultimate boundedness and non-positivity of sample Lyapunov exponents, etc., are studied. Then, under the condition that all time delays are equal, the sufficient conditions for the extinction of species in each patch are given by using the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality and a strong law of large numbers. Finally, some numerical results are presented, which shows that the interaction between patches has the advantage of population survival, and the greater the time delay, the slower the extinction of species. The results generalize and improve the previous related results, such as removing the condition of the existence and uniqueness theorem of global positive solutions and narrowing the boundary of the sample Lyapunov exponents in related literature.